Senin, 27 April 2009
Depkes tetapkan enam langkah atasi Flu Babi
Hal itu disampaikan Dirjen Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (P2PL) Depkes, Prof. Dr. Tjandra Yoga Aditama, Sp.P., MARS., kepada para wartawan di Makassar tanggal 25 April 2009 saat berlangsungnya kegiatan simulasi penanggulangan episenter pandemi influenza.
Menurut Prof. Tjandra, penyakit flu babi adalah penyakit influenza yang disebabkan oleh virus influenza A subtipe H1N1 yang dapat ditularkan melalui binatang, terutama babi, dan ada kemungkinan penularan antar manusia. Secara umum penyakit ini mirip dengan influenza (Influenza Like Illness-ILI) dengan gejala klinis: demam, batuk pilek, lesu, letih, nyeri tenggorokan, napas cepat atau sesak napas, mungkin disertai mual, muntah dan diare.
Virus H1N1 sebenarnya biasa ditemukan pada manusia dan hewan terutama babi tetapi keduanya memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda. Begitu juga dengan virus flu burung H5N1 meskipun sama-sama virus influenza tipe A.
Cara penularan flu babi melalui udara dan dapat juga melalui kontak langsung dengan penderita. Masa inkubasinya 3 sampai 5 hari. Masyarakat dihimbau untuk mewaspadai seperti halnya terhadap flu burung dengan menjaga perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, menutup hidung dan mulut apabila bersin, mencuci tangan pakai sabun setelah beraktivitas, dan segera memeriksakan kesehatan apabila mengalami gejala flu, ujar Prof. Tjandra.
Prof. Tjandra menyebutkan bahwa sampai saat ini sebaran kasus 8 kasus positif (konfirm) di Amerika Serikat. Sedangkan di Meksiko sebanyak 878 suspek kasus dan 60 diantaranya meninggal dunia. Dari yang meninggal sebanyak 20 kasus dinyatakan positif flu babi.
WHO masih terus mengadakan pertemuan yang membahas masalah flu babi terkait dugaan penularan antar manusia dan sampai saat ini masih ditunggu perkembangannya. Sejauh ini WHO memperkirakan hal ini sebagai public health emergency of international concern atau masalah kesehatan yang memerlukan kewaspadaan internasional dan belum ada travel warning.
Prof. Tjandra, di sela-sela kegiatan Simulasi Penanggulangan Simulasi Pandemi Influenza, telah mengadakan rapat dengan Kepala Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan seluruh Indonesia untuk meningkatkan kewaspadaan dengan mengaktifkan dan memastikan thermal scanner bekerja dengan baik dan mengaktifkan sistem yang ada untuk memantau orang yang masuk melalui bandar udara maupun pelabuhan laut, serta melakukan koordinasi intensif dengan Rumah Sakit rujukan di tempat masing-masing.
Disamping itu, Departemen Kesehatan juga telah berkoordinasi dengan Dirjen Peternakan Departemen Pertanian RI untuk mengantisipasi penyebaran flu babi melalui Tim Koordinasi yang sudah ada. Tim Koordinasi yang sudah ada seperti Tim Penanggulangan Rabies Depkes dan Departemen Pertanian yang tugasnya diperluas menjadi Tim Terpadu Penanggulangan Zoonotik (penyakit yang dapat menular dari hewan kepada manusia), kata Prof. Tjandra.
Ditjen P2PL melalui surat edaran meminta kepada Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi, Kepala UPT di lingkungan Ditjen P2PL dan RS Vertikal melalui surat nomor: PM.01.01/D/I.4/1221/2009 untuk melakukan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:
# Mewaspadai kemungkinan masuknya virus tersebut ke wilayah Indonesia dengan meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan di pintu-pintu masuk negara terutama pendatang dari negara-negara yang sedang terjangkit.
# Mewaspadai semua kasus dengan gejala mirip influenza (ILI) dan segera menelusuri riwayat kontak dengan binatang (babi)
# Meningkatkan kegiatan surveilans terhadap ILI dan pneumonia serta melaporkan kasus dengan kecurigaan ke arah swine flu kepada Posko KLB Direktorat Jenderal PP dan PL dengan nomor telepon: (021) 4257125
# Memantau perkembangan kasus secara terus menerus melalui berbagai sarana yang dimungkinkan.
# Meningkatkan koordinasi dengan lintas program dan lintas sektor serta menyebarluaskan informasi ke jajaran kesehatan di seluruh Indonesia.
Berita ini disiarkan oleh Pusat Komunikasi Publik, Sekretariat Jenderal Departemen Kesehatan. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut dapat menghubungi melalui nomor telepon/faks: 021-52907416-9 dan 52921669, atau alamat e-mail puskom.publik@yahoo.co.id.
TIPS HINDARI FLU BABI

Tips Hindari Flu Babi!
Rita Uli Hutapea - detikNews
Flu Babi Menyerang Meksiko
Jakarta - Virus strain baru flu babi (swine flu) memang bisa mematikan. Apalagi virus strain baru bisa menyebar dengan cepat. Sebabnya, tak seorang pun punya kekebalan alami terhadap virus baru ini. Dan butuh waktu beberapa bulan untuk mengembangkan vaksinasi virus ini.
Namun setidaknya ada beberapa langkah yang bisa dilakukan untuk mencegah penyakit flu babi yang ditularkan dari orang ke orang ini. Badan Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit AS atau Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) memberikan beberapa tips.
* Tutupi hidung dan mulut Anda dengan tisu jika Anda batuk atau bersin. Kemudian buang tisu itu ke kotak sampah.
* Sering-seringlah mencuci tangan Anda dengan air bersih dan sabun, terutama setelah Anda batuk atau bersin. Pembersih tangan berbasis alkohol juga efektif digunakan.
* Jangan menyentuh mulut, hidung atau mulut Anda dengan tangan.
* Hindari kontak atau berdekatan dengan orang yang sakit flu. Sebab influenza umumnya menyebar lewat orang ke orang melalui batuk atau bersin penderita.
* Jika Anda sakit flu, CDC menyarankan Anda untuk tidak masuk kerja atau sekolah dan beristirahat di rumah.
Di Meksiko, negara yang paling parah dilanda wabah flu babi ini, pemerintah negeri itu mengeluarkan imbauan bagi warganya untuk tidak berciuman, meski hanya cium pipi. Demikian seperti dilansir CNN, Senin (27/4/2009).
Pemerintah Meksiko juga mengimbau untuk tidak berada di antara kerumunan orang banyak serta tidak berdekatan dengan orang lain yang sakit. Penggunaan masker juga digalakkan di negeri itu.
Sejauh ini setidaknya 81 orang telah meninggal akibat wabah flu babi di Meksiko. Lebih dari seribu orang lainnya terkena penyakit ini.
(ita/iy)
Sabtu, 11 April 2009
Kompetensi SKM
a. Mengkaji status kesehatan masyarakat berdasarkan data, informasi dan indikator kesehatan (evidence based) untuk pengambilan keputusan dalam menyelesaikan masalah di bidang kesehatan masyarakat yang meliputi Gizi Kesehatan, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan, Epidemiologi, Biostatistika dan Kependudukan, Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja, Promosi Kesehatan dan Ilmu Perilaku.
b. Mengelola organisasi dan sistem kesehatan masyarakat (di bidang Gizi Kesehatan, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan, Epidemiologi, Biostatistika dan Kependudukan, Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja, Promosi Kesehatan dan Ilmu Perilaku).
c. Melakukan analisis kebijakan di bidang kesehatan masyarakat (berdasarkan dimensi sosio kultural dan atau lingkungan masyarakat serta memberikan rekomendasi).
d. Melakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat dan pengembangan kegiatan dukungan sosial (kemitraan) di bidang kesehatan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan jejaring dan aksesbilitas pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat.
e. Melaksanakan riset di bidang kesehatan masyarakat yang meliputi Gizi Kesehatan, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan, Epidemiologi, Biostatistika dan Kependudukan, Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja, Promosi Kesehatan dan Ilmu Perilaku.
Rabu, 25 Maret 2009
AVIAN INFLUENZA SITUATION

The highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) epizootic (animal outbreak) in Asia, Europe, the Near East, and Africa is not expected to diminish significantly in the short term. It is likely that H5N1 virus infections among domestic poultry have become endemic in certain areas and that sporadic human infections resulting from direct contact with infected poultry and/or wild birds will continue to occur. So far, the spread of H5N1 virus from person-to-person has been very rare, limited and unsustained. However, this epizootic continues to pose an important public health threat.
There is little pre-existing natural immunity to H5N1 virus infection in the human population. If H5N1 viruses gain the ability for efficient and sustained transmission among humans, an influenza pandemic could result, with potentially high rates of illness and death worldwide. No evidence for genetic reassortment between human and avian influenza A virus genes has been found to date, and there is no evidence of any significant changes to circulating H5N1 virus strains to suggest greater transmissibility to or among humans. Genetic sequencing of avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses from human cases in Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia shows resistance to the antiviral medications amantadine and rimantadine, two of the medications commonly used for treatment of influenza. This leaves two remaining antiviral medications (oseltamivir and zanamivir) that should still be effective against currently circulating strains of H5N1 viruses. A small number of oseltamivir resistant H5N1 virus infections of humans have been reported. Efforts to produce pre-pandemic vaccine candidates for humans that would be effective against avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses are ongoing. However, no H5N1 vaccines are currently available for human use.
Research suggests that currently circulating strains of H5N1 viruses are becoming more capable of causing disease (pathogenic) in animals than were earlier H5N1 viruses. One study found that ducks infected with H5N1 virus are now shedding more virus for longer periods without showing symptoms of illness. This finding has implications for the role of ducks in transmitting disease to other birds and possibly to humans as well. Additionally, other findings have documented H5N1 virus infection among pigs in China and Vietnam; H5N1 virus infection of cats (experimental infection of housecats in the Netherlands, isolation of H5N1 virus from domestic cats in Germany and Thailand, and detection of H5N1 viral RNA in domestic cats in Iraq and Austria); H5N1 virus infection of dogs (isolation of H5N1 virus from a domestic dog in Thailand); and isolation of H5N1 viruses from tigers and leopards at zoos in Thailand). In addition, H5N1 virus infection in a wild stone marten (a weasel-like mammal) was reported in Germany and in a wild civet cat in Vietnam. Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus strains that emerged in Asia in 2003 continue to evolve and may adapt so that other mammals may be susceptible to infection as well.
Notable findings of epidemiologic investigations of human H5N1 cases include:
- Thailand, 2004: An investigation concluded that probable limited human-to-human spread of influenza A (H5N1) had occurred in a family as a result of prolonged and very close contact between an ill child and her mother in a hospital. Transmission did not continue beyond one person.
- Vietnam, 2004: While the majority of known human H5N1 cases have begun with respiratory symptoms, one atypical fatal H5N1 case in a child in southern Vietnam presented with fever, diarrhea and seizures, and was initially diagnosed as encephalitis. The etiology was identified retrospectively as H5N1 virus through testing of cerebrospinal fluid, fecal matter, and throat and serum samples. Further research is needed to ascertain the implications of such findings.
- Vietnam, 2005: Investigations suggest transmission of H5N1 viruses to two persons through consumption of uncooked duck blood.
- Azerbaijan, 2006: Investigations revealed contact with H5N1-infected wild dead birds (swans) as the most plausible source of infection in several cases in teenagers involved in removing feathers from the birds.
- Indonesia, 2006: WHO reported evidence of limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 virus. In this situation, 8 people in one family were affected, with 7 deaths. H5N1 virus was isolated from 7 cases. The first family member is thought to have become ill through contact with infected poultry. This person then infected six family members. One of those six people (a child) then infected another family member (his father). No further spread outside of the exposed family was documented or suspected.
- Vietnam, 2006: A study reported a correlation between high H5N1 viral concentration and elevated inflammatory cytokine levels in fatal cases. The authors concluded that early antiviral treatment is needed to suppress H5N1 viral replication to prevent the inflammatory response that appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of H5N1 virus infection.
Human H5N1 Cases
(WHO) has reported human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe and the Near East. Indonesia and Vietnam have reported the highest number of H5N1 cases to date. Overall mortality in reported H5N1 cases is approximately 60%. The majority of cases have occurred among children and adults aged less than 40 years old. Mortality was highest in cases aged 10-19 years old. Studies have documented the most significant risk factors for human H5N1 infection to be direct contact with sick or dead poultry or wild birds, or visiting a live poultry market. Most human H5N1 cases have been hospitalized late in their illness with severe respiratory disease. A small number of clinically mild H5N1 cases have been reported. The current cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/(H5N1) is available on the WHO Avian Influenza website. Despite the high mortality, human cases of H5N1 remain rare to date.
Clusters of Human H5N1 Cases
Clusters of human H5N1 cases ranging from 2-8 cases per cluster have been identified in most countries that have reported H5N1 cases. Nearly all of the cluster cases have occurred among blood-related family members living in the same household. Whether such clusters are related to genetic or other factors is currently unknown. While most people in these clusters have been infected with H5N1 virus through direct contact with sick or dead poultry or wild birds, limited human-to-human transmission of H5N1 virus cannot be excluded in some clusters.
Epidemiology HIV/AIDS
UNAIDS and the WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. Despite recent improved access to antiretroviral treatment and care in many regions of the world, the AIDS pandemic claimed an estimated 2.8 million (between 2.4 and 3.3 million) lives in 2005 of which more than half a million (570,000) were children.[3]
In 2007, between 30.6 and 36.1 million people were believed to live with HIV, and it killed an estimated 2.1 million people that year, including 330,000 children; there were 2.5 million new infections.[125]
Sub-Saharan Africa remains by far the worst-affected region, with an estimated 21.6 to 27.4 million people currently living with HIV. Two million [1.5–3.0 million] of them are children younger than 15 years of age. More than 64% of all people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters of all women living with HIV. In 2005, there were 12.0 million [10.6–13.6 million] AIDS orphans living in sub-Saharan Africa 2005.[3] South & South East Asia are second-worst affected with 15% of the total. AIDS accounts for the deaths of 500,000 children in this region. South Africa has the largest number of HIV patients in the world followed by Nigeria.[126] India has an estimated 2.5 million infections (0.23% of population), making India the country with the third largest population of HIV patients. In the 35 African nations with the highest prevalence, average life expectancy is 48.3 years—6.5 years less than it would be without the disease.[127]
The latest evaluation report of the World Bank's Operations Evaluation Department assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank's country-level HIV/AIDS assistance defined as policy dialogue, analytic work, and lending with the explicit objective of reducing the scope or impact of the AIDS epidemic.[128] This is the first comprehensive evaluation of the World Bank's HIV/AIDS support to countries, from the beginning of the epidemic through mid-2004. Because the Bank aims to assist in implementation of national government programmes, their experience provides important insights on how national AIDS programmes can be made more effective.
The development of HAART as effective therapy for HIV infection and AIDS has substantially reduced the death rate from this disease in those areas where these drugs are widely available. This has created the misperception that the disease has vanished. In fact, as the life expectancy of persons with AIDS has increased in countries where HAART is widely used, the number of persons living with AIDS has increased substantially. In the United States, the number of persons with AIDS increased from about 35,000 in 1988 to over 220,000 in 1996 and 312,000 in 2002[129]
In Africa, the number of MTCT and the prevalence of AIDS is beginning to reverse decades of steady progress in child survival. Countries such as Uganda are attempting to curb the MTCT epidemic by offering VCT (voluntary counselling and testing), PMTCT (prevention of mother-to-child transmission) and ANC (ante-natal care) services, which include the distribution of antiretroviral therapy.
HIV Prevalence
Traditionally, HIV prevalence estimates have been derived from data from sentinel surveillance systems that monitored HIV rates among pregnant women and high-risk populations using statistical systems. By collecting blood for HIV testing from representative samples of the population of men and women in a country, MEASURE DHS can provide nationally representative estimates of HIV rates.
Both sentinel surveillance and population-based data sources of prevalence data can and should be used to track HIV epidemics. Population-based testing can only be undertaken every 3 to 5 years in most countries, because of the size and expense of the surveys. Sentinel surveillance testing is often reported annually, and provides a good benchmark for measuring progress over short time periods.
In addition, population-based testing is dependent on the population’s willingness to be voluntarily tested for HIV. In cases where the characteristics of those who agreed to be tested are different than those who refused testing, bias may result. The current DHS reports with HIV testing include analysis of non-response bias.
MEASURE DHS has conducted population-based HIV testing since 2001. The MEASURE DHS testing protocol provides for anonymous, informed, and voluntary testing of women and men. All respondents receive referrals for free testing, counseling, and educational materials.
The linkage of DHS HIV test results to the full DHS survey record (without personal identifiers) allows for an in-depth analysis of the sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with HIV infection. Datasets showing test results and variables to link them to other findings from the DHS or AIS are available for research and study
Kamis, 12 Maret 2009
Lowongan PERTAMINA
D3/S1/S2 (LULUSAN BARU)
Kebutuhan D3/S1/S2 (Lulusan Baru) adalah untuk memenuhi rencana tenaga kerja bagi Direktorat Hulu (Eksplorasi & Produksi), Direktorat Pengolahan (Kilang), Direktorat Pemasaran & Niaga, dan Fungsi Korporat (Keuangan, Umum, SDM, Pengembangan Bisnis, Hukum, Sekretaris Perseroan, Sistem & Teknologi Informasi, Satuan Pengawas Internal dan Supply Chain).
Khusus Pelamar D3 agar memilih wilayah rekrutmen yang diminati.
Persyaratan bagi calon kandidat D3/S1/S2 (Lulusan Baru):
- Pendidikan terakhir (sesuai klasifikasi diatas) dari Akademi/ Perguruan Tinggi Terakreditasi
- IPK untuk S1/S2 minimal 3 dari skala 4
- IPK D3 minimal 2,75 dari skala 4
- Dapat mengoperasikan komputer (minimal Open Office)
- Dapat berbahasa Inggris dengan balk (lisan dan tulisan)
- Bersedia mengikuti tahapan proses seleksi di Jakarta, biaya dari dan ke tempat seleksi menjadi tanggungan peserta
- Bersedia ditempatkan di seluruh wilayah kerja Pertamina
Batasan usia:
- Pelamar D3 Maksimal 24 tahun (kelahiran sesudah 31 Desember 1984)
- Pelamar S1 Maksimal 27 tahun (kelahiran sesudah 31 Desember 1981)
- Pelamar S2 Maksimal 32 tahun (kelahiran sesudah 31 Desember 1976)
Kebutuhan jurusan:
- Teknik Industri
- Teknik Mesin
- Teknik Elektro
- Teknik Kimia
- Teknik Informatika/Komputer
- Teknik Lingkungan
- Instrumentasi/Teknik Fisika
- Teknik Sipil
- Teknik Perminyakan
- Teknik Perkapalan
- Teknik Mesin Kapal
- Teknik Pembangunan Kapal
- MIPA -Kimia
- Kimia Analis
- Ekonomi
- Manajemen
- Akuntansi
- Hukum
- Komunikasi
- Sosial Politik
- Psikologi
- Administrasi
- Sekretaris
- Metalurgi
- Geodesi
- Geologi
- Geofisika
- Kesehatan Masyarakat
- Kesehatan & Keselamatan Kerja
- Statistik
Untuk mengisi lamaran, silakan mengunjungi website kami, www.pertamina.com
Senin, 09 Maret 2009
Penyakit Jantung Koroner



DEFINISI Penyakit Arteri Koroner / penyakit jantung koroner (Coronary Artery Disease) ditandai dengan adanya endapan lemak yang berkumpul di dalam sel yang melapisi dinding suatu arteri koroner dan menyumbat aliran darah. |
PENYEBAB Penyakit arteri koroner bisa menyerang semua ras, tetapi angka kejadian paling tinggi ditemukan pada orang kulit putih. Tetapi ras sendiri tampaknya bukan merupakan faktor penting dalam gaya hidup seseorang. Kolesterol dan Penyakit Arteri Koroner Resiko terjadinya penyakit arteri koroner meningkat pada peningkatan kadar kolesterol total dan kolesterol LDL (kolesterol jahat) dalam darah. Jika terjadi peningkatan kadar kolesterol HDL (kolesterol baik), maka resiko terjadinya penyakit arteri koroner akan menurun. Makanan mempengaruhi kadar kolesterol total dan karena itu makanan juga mempengaruhi resiko terjadinya penyakit arteri koroner. Merubah pola makan (dan bila perlu mengkonsumsi obat dari dokter) bisa menurunkan kadar kolesterol. Menurunkan kadar kolesterol total dan kolesterol LDL bisa memperlambat atau mencegah berkembangnya penyakit arteri koroner. Menurunkan kadar LDL sangat besar keuntungannya bagi seseorang yang memiliki faktor resiko berikut: |
PENCEGAHAN Resiko terjadinya penyakit arteri koroner bisa dikurangi dengan melakukan beberapa tindakan berikut: |